Oxidative Stress Trajectories during Lifespan: The Possible Mediation Role of Hormones in Redox Imbalance and Aging

Aging, a natural multifactorial process, increases Oxidative Stress (OS) and inflammatory responses. Sexual hormones could upregulate OS during lifespan, with opposite systemic effects: anti-oxidant protection and cellular pro-oxidant toxicity. Hormonal changes are crucial phases in human growth and aging, but their mediating role on OS is still incomplete. The main purpose of this work was to analyze the trend of OS during the lifespan and, in particular, during puberty and menopause. Data from standardized questionnaires and biological OS measurements (15-F2t-Isop) of 815 subjects (7–60 years old) from five previous studies (2009–2015) were analyzed. The age variable was categorized into two hormonal age windows: puberty and menopause. A regression model was performed to assess the association between 15-F2t-Isop and the hormonal age window, sex, weight, and smoking habits. The results showed a significant V-shape decrease of OS levels both during puberty [OR = −0.06 95% CI −0.07–−0.04, p = 0.41] and in menopause [OR = −1.01 95% CI −1.5–−0.5, p < 0.001], but only in females. Our results support the view that hormones, and specifically estrogen, could modulate OS, especially during puberty and menopause. The V-shape decreasing trend of OS may be related to intrinsic characteristics of estrogen, which is able to modulate and upregulate OS pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms.