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Mapping Determinants of Virus Neutralization and Viral Escape for Rational Design of a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine
- Source :
- Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers in Immunology, 2018, 9, pp.1194. ⟨10.3389/fimmu.2018.01194⟩, Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 9 (2018)
- Publication Year :
- 2018
-
Abstract
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to spread worldwide with an annual increase of 1.75 million new infections. The number of HCV cases in the U.S. is now greater than the number of HIV cases and is increasing in young adults because of the opioid epidemic sweeping the country. HCV-related liver disease is the leading indication of liver transplantation. An effective vaccine is of paramount importance to control and prevent HCV infection. While this vaccine will need to induce both cellular and humoral immunity, this review is focused on the required antibody responses. For highly variable viruses, such as HCV, isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies mediating broad virus neutralization are an important guide for vaccine design. The viral envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, are the main targets of these antibodies. Epitopes on the E2 protein have been studied more extensively than epitopes on E1, due to higher antibody targeting that reflects these epitopes having higher degrees of immunogenicity. E2 epitopes are overall organized in discrete clusters of overlapping epitopes that ranged from high conservation to high variability. Other epitopes on E1 and E1E2 also are targets of neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, these regions are important for vaccine design. Another element in vaccine design is based on information on how the virus escapes from broadly neutralizing antibodies. Escape mutations can occur within the epitopes that are involved in antibody binding and in regions that are not involved in their epitopes, but nonetheless reduce the efficiency of neutralizing antibodies. An understanding on the specificities of a protective B cell response, the molecular locations of these epitopes on E1, E2, and E1E2, and the mechanisms, which enable the virus to negatively modulate neutralizing antibody responses to these regions will provide the necessary guidance for vaccine design.
- Subjects :
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy
0301 basic medicine
hepatitis C virus
medicine.drug_class
Hepatitis C virus
Immunology
Aucun
Hepacivirus
Review
Biology
Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]/Médecine humaine et pathologie
medicine.disease_cause
Monoclonal antibody
Epitope
Virus
03 medical and health sciences
[SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases
medicine
Animals
Humans
Immunology and Allergy
Neutralizing antibody
antigenic domains
Immune Evasion
Rationalization
Immunogenicity
[SDV.MHEP.HEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and Gastroenterology
epitopes
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Hepatitis C
Virology
[SDV.MHEP.HEG] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and Gastroenterology
Immunity, Humoral
3. Good health
030104 developmental biology
Epitope mapping
human monoclonal antibodies
Drug Design
virus neutralization
biology.protein
vaccine design
[SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases
Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte
Antibody
[SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
lcsh:RC581-607
Epitope Mapping
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 16643224
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....125a3546b7a0c601bc53b70bc2d82e54
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01194