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Sustainable Strategies for the Exploitation of End-of-Life Permanent Magnets
- Source :
- Processes, Volume 9, Issue 5, Processes, Vol 9, Iss 857, p 857 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2021.
-
Abstract
- The growing production of green technologies (such as electric vehicles and systems for renewable electricity production, e.g., wind turbine) is increasing the rare earth element (REE) demands. These metals are considered critical for Europe for their economic relevance and the supply risk. The end-of-life permanent magnets are considered a potential secondary resource of REEs thanks to their content of neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr) or dysprosium (Dy). The scientific literature reports many techniques for permanent magnet recovery. This work used a life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify the most sustainable choice, suggesting the possible improvements to reduce the environmental load. Three different processes are considered: two hydrometallurgical treatments (the first one with HCl and the other one with solid-state chlorination), and a pyrometallurgical technique. The present paper aims to push the stakeholders towards the implementation of sustainable processes for end-of-life permanent magnet exploitation at industrial scale.
- Subjects :
- rare earth oxides
Bioengineering
TP1-1185
02 engineering and technology
recycling
010501 environmental sciences
01 natural sciences
Turbine
life cycle assessment
Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)
Production (economics)
environmental sustainability
QD1-999
Life-cycle assessment
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
business.industry
Chemical technology
Process Chemistry and Technology
Circular economy
circular economy
Environmental economics
021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology
Renewable energy
Chemistry
Electricity generation
Work (electrical)
Sustainability
permanent magnet
Environmental science
0210 nano-technology
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 22279717
- Volume :
- 9
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Processes
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....10523b0dcce7e52a62347b39a74e443a