Effects of carbon sources on the removal of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen by the red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y1

Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD), which is primarily performed by bacteria rather than fungi, is an attractive approach for nitrogen removal. In this study, a red yeast, Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y1, was isolated and shown to exhibit optimal growth and nitrogen removal efficiency on glucose, followed by citrate, sucrose, acetate and starch. The nitrogen removal efficiency increased with increasing initial concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2−-N and NO3−-N from 14 to 140 mg·L-1. At an initial nitrogen concentration of 140 mg·L-1, the maximum removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, NO2−-N and NO3−-N were 98.67%, 97.13% and 83.51% after 72 h incubation, while those of corresponding total nitrogen were 88.89%, 81.31% and 70.18%, respectively. The nitrification (amoA) and denitrification genes (nirK and napA) were amplified from Y1. These results suggest that yeast are also capable of HN-AD, which can be used to remove nitrogen in wastewater systems.