Insight into DNA and protein transport in double-stranded DNA viruses: the structure of bacteriophage N4

Bacteriophage N4 encapsidates a 3,500 amino acid-long DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRNAP), which is injected into the host along with the N4 genome upon infection. The three-dimensional structures of wild-type and mutant N4 viruses lacking gp17, gp50, or gp65 were determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The virion has an icosahedral capsid with T = 9 quasi-symmetry that encapsidates well-organized dsDNA and vRNAP. The tail, attached at a unique pentameric vertex of the head, consists of a neck, twelve appendages, and six ribbons that constitute a non-contractile sheath around a central tail tube. Comparison of wild-type and mutant virus structures in conjunction with bioinformatics established the identity and virion locations of the major capsid protein (gp56), a decorating protein (gp17), the vRNAP (gp50), the tail sheath (gp65), the appendages (gp66), and the portal protein (gp59). The N4 virion organization provides insights into its assembly, and suggests a mechanism for genome and vRNAP transport strategies utilized by this unique system.