Influence of water conductivity on the efficiency and the reproducibility of electrohydraulic shock wave generation

In an electrohydraulic generator, two underwater metal electrodes are connected with a capacitor charged to a high voltage. When the circuit is switched on, a plasma is generated reaching temperatures of thousands of K, resulting in a compressive pressure pulse. The formation of the plasma is a nonreproducible phenomenon inducing great variations of the pressure pulse. When the electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte instead of degassed water, the conditions of electrical discharge are dramatically modified. The latency time and the amplitude of the oscillations of the discharge current decrease as the conductivity of the electrolyte increases. For a conductivity of 7 Ωcm, there is no latency, and the critically damped discharge is achieved. The expanding pressure wave is increased by 10%, and the mean peak pressure value over 120 shocks at the second focus after focalization is increased by 50%. The relative standard deviation of the pressure value at the second focus is only 5%, while it is about 30% in ordinary water. The fragmentation efficiency is considerably increased because total fragmentation is obtained in 220 shocks instead of 450 shocks in ordinary water when standard stones are used, and in 131 shocks instead of 304 shocks when gallstones are used. Last, we show that the wear of the electrodes is reduced by a factor 8 when electrolyte is used. The improvement is supposed to have two causes: First, the energy is delivered into the medium in a shorter time, and, second, the center of the shock wave is always located at the same place. The decreased wear should make it possible to treat a much greater number of patients without changing electrodes, and the enhancement of the pressure should increase the efficiency of the fragmentation of the gallstones without aggravating the patient's pain.