Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fruit extract ameliorates methotrexate-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

Objective: Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug commonly used for the treatment of malign neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Antioxidantand anti-inflammatory effects of bitter melon (BM) were reported. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of BMfruit extract on MTX-induced testicular and epididymal damage.Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into three groups (n=8) as control, MTX and MTX+BM. A single doseof MTX (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to the MTX and MTX+BM groups. BM fruit extract (600 mg/kg) was applied to theMTX+BM group orally for 5 days. Testes were examined for general histopathology, proliferating and apoptotic cells. The epididymissamples were used for the evaluation of sperm morphology. Oxidative and inflammatory markers were analysed biochemically.Results: Increased abnormal spermatozoa, degenerated seminiferous tubules with increased apoptotic cells and decreased proliferativecells were observed in the MTX group. TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and caspase-3 levels increased, superoxidedismutase and catalase levels decreased in both testis and epididymis samples. All these histological and biochemical parameterswere ameliorated in the MTX+BM group.Conclusion: Methotrexate causes testis damage by decreasing spermatogenic cells and increasing apoptosis through oxidative stressand inflammation. BM extract improves testis and epididymis damage with its possible anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.