Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) plays a role in the replication of West Nile virus

Highlights • Inhibition of VCP by chemical inhibitors decreased WNV infection in a dose-dependent manner. • Knockdown of endogenous VCP level using siRNA suppressed WNV infection. • Depletion of VCP levels suppressed WNV infection at the early stages of WNV replication cycle. • Depletion of VCP levels lowered nascent WNV genomic RNA. • VCP participates in early stages and viral genomic RNA replication.
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is classified as a member of the type II AAA+ ATPase protein family. VCP functions in several cellular processes, including protein degradation, membrane fusion, vesicular trafficking and disassembly of stress granules. Moreover, VCP is considered to play a role in the replication of several viruses, albeit through different mechanisms. In the present study, we have investigated the role of VCP in West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Endogenous VCP expression was inhibited using either VCP inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown. It could be shown that the inhibition of endogenous VCP expression significantly inhibited WNV infection. The entry assay revealed that silencing of endogenous VCP caused a significant reduction in the expression levels of WNV-RNA compared to control siRNA-treated cells. This indicates that VCP may play a role in early steps either the binding or entry steps of the WNV life cycle. Using WNV virus like particles and WNV-DNA-based replicon, it could be demonstrated that perturbation of VCP expression decreased levels of newly synthesized WNV genomic RNA. These findings suggest that VCP is involved in early steps and during genome replication of the WNV life cycle.