Sinoatrial node remodels in chronic sleep-restricted rats

Chronic Sleep Restriction (CSR) is known as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the structural changes of Sinoatrial (SA) node cells have received less attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CSR on SA node in an animal model using stereological methods. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into CSR, grid-floor, and control groups. The CSR procedure was designed such a way that the animals had a full cycle of sleep (6 hours) per day, while they were unable to have a Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep during the remaining 18 hours. This was induced by a multiplatform box containing water. The grid-floor animals were placed in the same multiplatform box with a grid-floor covering to prevent falling in water. After 21 days, the right atria were dissected out. Then, the location of the SA node was determined and evaluated by stereological techniques. The total volume of the SA node, the total volume of the main node cells, the volume of the connective tissue, and mean volume of the node cells were respectively enlarged by 60%, 47%, 68%, and 51% in the CSR animals compared to the grid-floor rats (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were detected in these parameters in the control and grid-floor animals. The population of the main node cells remained constant in all animal groups. In addition, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the SA node in the CSR group showed a hypertrophied appearance. In conclusion, CSR induced hypertrophic changes in the rats' SA node structures without alteration in the number of main node cells.