Physical map of the genome of sonchus yellow net virus, a plant rhabdovirus with six genes and conserved gene junction sequences

We provide evidence that a plant rhabdovirus, sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV), is similar to most animal rhabdoviruses in the order of structural genes and in the nucleotide sequences at the gene junctions but that it differs in the presence and location of a putative nonstructural gene. From the patterns of hybridization of a library of recombinant DNA clones, we have shown that the SYNV genome is transcribed into a short 3'-terminal "leader RNA" and six mRNAs. The proteins encoded by the SYNV mRNAs, in order of the appearance of their genes in the SYNV genome, are designated 3'-N-M2-sc4-M1-G-L-5' (N, nucleoprotein; M, matrix protein; sc, protein encoded by SYNV complementary RNA; G, glycoprotein; L, large protein). The intergenic and flanking gene sequences are conserved and consist of a central core of 14 nucleotides (3'-UUCUUUUUGGUUGU/A-5') whose sequence is similar to the sequence at the gene junctions of vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses. The SYNV core consists of an 8-nucleotide (3'-UUCUUUUU-5') transcription termination signal at the 5' terminus of each gene, a dinucleotide (GG) spacer whose complement does not appear in mRNA, and a tetranucleotide (3'-UUGU/A-5') that is complementary to the first four nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the SYNV mRNAs. These results, when compared with structural information available on animal rhabdoviruses, suggest that organization of structural genes and maintenance of signals thought to play important roles in regulation of transcription have been conserved during evolution in plant, insect, and vertebrate hosts. However, differences in number and location of putative nonstructural genes reveal some flexibility in genome organization that may be important in deducing taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among viruses causing diseases in phylogenetically diverse hosts.