An Advanced Battery Model for WSN Simulation in Environments With Temperature Variations

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used to support monitoring activities in a wide range of applications and communication environments. Its usage in extreme conditions, in what concerns pressure, temperature, and humidity, must be carefully assessed before the network deployment. In particular, the temperature variations have a direct impact upon the behavior of WSNs through the batteries of sensor nodes. These electrochemical devices are highly susceptible to temperature variations, which modifies the offered effective charge capacity. In this context, it is difficult to estimate the behavior of batteries over time, impairing the extraction of relevant information for energy-aware approaches. Such information, particularly battery state of charge, voltage, and lifetime, is often used by WSN simulators to predict the communication behavior in different scenarios. Nevertheless, WSN simulators generally use simplistic battery models, causing significant deviations in simulation results when compared with actual WSN deployments. This paper describes the implementation of the Temperature-Dependent Kinetic Battery Model (T-KiBaM) in the Castalia simulator, which enables a considerable improvement of the accuracy of simulations in communication environments with different temperature conditions. An experimental assessment has been performed with temperature variations over time to validate the usage of the T-KiBaM battery model. The experimental results indicate that the T-KiBaM model is quite accurate when estimating battery behavior under both different temperature set points and different temperature variations.