The PfAP2-HS transcription factor protects malaria parasites from febrile temperatures

Periodic fever is the most characteristic clinical feature of human malaria1-3, but how parasites survive febrile episodes is not known. While Plasmodium spp. genomes encode a full complement of chaperones4, they lack an ortholog of the conserved transcription factor HSF1, which in most eukaryotes activates the expression of key chaperones upon heat shock (HS)5-8. Here we identified PfAP2-HS, a transcription factor of the ApiAP2 family9-11, as the key regulator of the P. falciparum protective HS response. The PfAP2-HS-dependent HS response is largely restricted to rapid activation of hsp70-1, the predominant direct target of PfAP2-HS, and hsp90. Deletion of PfAP2-HS dramatically reduced HS survival and also resulted in severe growth defects at 37°C, but not at 35°C, and increased sensitivity to imbalances in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) produced by artemisinin, the current frontline antimalarial drug12,13. These results demonstrate that PfAP2-HS contributes to general maintenance of proteostasis and drives a rapid chaperone-based protective response against febrile temperatures. While several ApiAP2 transcription factors regulate life cycle transitions in malaria parasites11,14,15, PfAP2-HS is the first identified Plasmodium transcription factor that controls a protective response to a within-host environmental challenge.