Potent anti-MRSA activity and synergism with aminoglycosides by flavonoid derivatives from the root barks of Morus alba, a traditional Chinese medicine

Infections of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a very tough public health problem and a challenge of new drug development. Nearly 90 Diels-Alder adducts (DAAs) have so far been isolated from Morus plants, but only a few of them have been evaluated for their anti-MRSA activities. To study the antibacterial compounds of DAAs from the root barks’ section of Morus alba L. and their synergism with antibacterial agents against clinical MRSA strains, bioassay-guided phytochemical methods were used to screen the active components. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were assayed through broth serial microdilution. The synergism were evaluated by checker board microdilution and dynamic time-kill experiments. Three DAAs (multicaulisin (1), sanggenon G (2) and albanin G (3)) were isolated and identified from M. alba root barks. They were determined with potent effect against MRSA isolates with MICs/MBCs at 2–8/16–128 mg/L. They also showed synergy with conventional antibacterial agents, especially the aminoglycosides, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) ranged from 0.19 to 0.50 and the dose reduction indices (DRIs) ranged from 16 to 2. The MRSA resistance to the antibiotics could be reversed by compounds 1–3. The dose-dependent bactericidal synergism against MRSA was observed as well. The study released for the first time the anti-MRSA synergism of DAAs from M. alba root barks with antibacterial agents and the reversal of MRSA resistance to aminoglycosides. The results may be valuable for further development of new antibacterial drugs and synergists against MRSA infections.