Polarization control and sensing with metasurfaces (Conference Presentation)

Metasurfaces, nanophotonic arrays of phase shifting elements, hold promise for the miniaturization of a variety of bulk optical elements, most notably lenses and imaging systems. Owing to the flexibility with which their constituent elements may be engineered, metasurfaces allow for point-to-point polarization control on a subwavelength scale. For this reason, metasurfaces represent an exciting new platform for polarization optics as well. I will discuss how this functionality allows for a new perspective on diffractive optics which explicitly acknowledges the vectorial nature of light. This perspective motivates a theory of unitary polarization gratings; I will derive a few key results concerning these gratings. I will discuss and demonstrate how this perspective allows for the design of metasurfaces with new polarization functionalities. I will describe how, through relatively simple optimization methods, a metasurface producing arbitrarily specified polarization states can be designed. This functionality is equivalent to a traditional diffraction grating with individual waveplate optics on each order; here, all the necessary polarization optics can be integrated into a flat, ultrathin optical element. Moreover, such a metasurface can be used in a reverse configuration as a parallel snapshot polarimeter with no need for additional polarization optics. I present a detailed experimental characterization of this device in the visible spectral region and a comparison of the performance of the metasurface to a commercially available rotating waveplate polarimeter. Finally, I will discuss the extension of these concepts to compact polarization imaging systems and will provide a broad outlook on metasurfaces in polarization optics, polarization sensing systems, and polarization instrumentation more generally.