Global simulation of extremely fast coronal mass ejection on 23 July 2012

The July 23, 2012 CME was an extremely fast backside event, reaching ∼1 AU (STEREO-A) within 20 h as compared to ∼3–6 days for typical CME events. Here, we present results from a simulation study of the CME and its driven shock using a combined kinematic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation model, H3DMHD. In general, the model results match well with in situ measurements in the arrival time of the CME-driven shock and the total magnetic field strength, assuming an initial CME speed of 3100 km/s. Based on extrapolation of an empirical model, the fast CME and its large magnetic field (| B |∼120 nT) are capable of producing an extremely large geomagnetic storm ( Dst ∼−545 nT), comparable to the well-known Halloween storm in 2003, if the CME had made a direct impact to the Earth. We investigated the effect of the adiabatic index ( γ ). It is found that the shock tends to arrive slightly later for a smaller γ value, and γ =5/3 provides the best agreement for the shock arrival time. We also demonstrate that the strength (the Mach number) of the CME-driven fast-mode shock is not the largest at the “nose” of the CME. This is mainly due to the manifestation of fast-mode wave speed upstream of the shock.