Low Protein Nitrogen Appearance as a Surrogate of Low Dietary Protein Intake Is Associated with Higher All-Cause Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients1–3

To determine the association between all-cause mortality and dietary protein intake in patients with chronic kidney disease, we performed a large-scale, 8-y prospective cohort study in 98,489 maintenance hemodialysis patients from a multicenter dialysis care provider. Compared with the reference level (60 to