A Survey on Electric Buses—Energy Storage, Power Management, and Charging Scheduling

In recent years, aiming to reduce the metropolitan air pollution caused by fossil fuel-powered vehicles, the electrification of transportation, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and electric buses (EBs), has attracted great attention from the automobile industry, academia, and public transportation. EBs, driven by decarbonized electricity, can reduce the air pollution and noise level. Besides, they can also recover electricity from regenerative braking. Recent years have witnessed continuous works on the topics of EB energy storage, power management, and charging scheduling. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed three primary parts: important components; existing research topics; and open issues of EBs. Specifically, we first introduce the important components of EBs, including energy storage systems, powertrains, interleaving elements and electric motors, and driving cycles. Then, we review the existing research topics of EBs, including the energy storage system sizing, power/energy management, range remedy methods, charging design/scheduling, and trial projects. At last, extending from existing literatures, we further propose the future research opportunities and ongoing challenges, such as extending EV related research to EBs, EB charging demand modeling, and EB impact on power systems.