Stresses in plated long-bones: The role of screw tightness and interface slipping

Using a three-dimensional finite element model of a plated long bone, we studied the influence of screw tightness, sliding frictional interfaces, and loading magnitude on the stresses within the plated bone. The model incorporated frictional interface elements that allowed stress-free separation under tensile loading to occur between the plate and bone and between the screw heads and the plate. The applied loading simulated both static preloads created by tightening the screws that secure the plate to the bone and physiologic loads created by activity. Initial screw tightening with plate application created regions of bone hydrostatic compressive stress that may be partly responsible for ischemia under the plate. The inclusion of frictional interfaces resulted in a nonlinear relationship between physiologic load and bone strain that was dependent on screw tightness. This nonlinear response correlated well with the results of previous in vitro studies showing that slippage between the plate and the bone can occur at physiologic load levels. The results showed that the effect of such slippage can be at least as important as plate meterial, rigidity, and placement in determining the degree of stress shielding. The results also indicated that previous plated bone models that assumed tight interfaces may have overestimated the extent of mechanical stress shielding.