Physiopathology of Dyspnea

Dyspnea is a global expression that encompasses all uncomfortable stimuli and their associated sensation or expression [1]. In exercising patients with chronic airway obstruction (CAO) and controls, respiratory effort, unrewarded inspiration, and inspiratory difficulty are most frequently reported as dyspnea symptoms [2]. In patients with asthma, during bronchoconstriction the symptoms may vary from chest tightness to inspiratory effort [3].