Synthesis and characterisation of HIP Ca0.80Ce0.20ZrTi1.60Cr0.40O7 zirconolite and observations of the ceramic–canister interface

A sample of zirconolite with nominal composition Ca0.80Ce0.20ZrTi1.60Cr0.40O7was processed via Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), with a dwell temperature and pressure of 1320 °C/100 MPa maintained for 4 h. The produced wasteform was characterised by powder XRD, SEM–EDS, Ce L3and Cr K-edge XANES. A significant portion of the Ce inventory did not fully partition within the zirconolite phase, instead remaining as CeO2within the microstructure. Inspection of the stainless steel–ceramic interface detailed the presence of an interaction region dominated by a Cr-rich oxide layer. No significant Cr or Fe migration was observed, although a greater concentration of perovskite was observed at the periphery, relative to the bulk ceramic matrix. The X-ray absorption features of Cr remained analogous with Cr3+accommodation within TiO6octahedra in the zirconolite matrix. The absorption edge of Ce was comprised of contributions from zirconolite-2M and unincorporated CeO2, with an average oxidation state of Ce3.9+. As zirconolite-2M accounted for > 92 wt% of the overall phase assemblage, it is clear that the dominant oxidation state of Ce in this phase was Ce4+.Graphic abstract