Epidemiological Trends of Urinary Tract Infections, Urolithiasis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019

BackgroundTo investigate the disease burden of urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.MethodsData were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, including incident cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and corresponding age-standardized rate (ASR) from 1990 to 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to evaluate the trends of ASR. The associations between disease burden and social development degrees were analyzed by socio-demographic index (SDI).ResultsCompared with 1990, the incident cases of UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH increased by 60.40%, 48.57%, and 105.70% in 2019, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of UTI increased (EAPC = 0.08), while urolithiasis (EAPC = -0.83) and BPH (EAPC = -0.03) decreased from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of UTI and urolithiasis was 3.13/100,000 and 0.17/100,000, respectively. BPH had the largest increase (110.56%) in DALYs in past three decades, followed by UTI (68.89%) and urolithiasis (16.95%). The burden of UTI mainly concentrated in South Asia and Tropical Latin America while the burden of urolithiasis and BPH was recorded in Asia and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the ASIR and SDI of urolithiasis in high SDI regions from 1990 to 2019 were negatively correlated, while the opposite trend was in low SDI regions. In 2019, the ASIR of UTI in female was 3.59 times that of male, while the ASIR of urolithiasis in male was 1.96 times higher than female. The incidence was highest in 30-34, 55-59, and 65-69 age group among UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH, respectively. ConclusionsOver the past three decades, the disease burden remains increased in UTI, while decreased in urolithiasis and BPH. The allocation of medical resources should be more based on the epidemiological characteristics and geographical distribution of diseases.