Future Prospects of ‘Omics’ and of Other Technologies for Genetic Improvement of Apple

Efforts for the genetic improvement of apple have tremendously benefited from the availability of modern tools of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, as well as of genetic engineering, among others, over the past two decades. These tools are continuing to expand, and they have become more critical for use in modern apple breeding programs. All current and future ‘omics’ technologies should be fully exploited to develop a better understanding of the complex system and biology of apple trees, as well as for pursuing efficient and robust genetic enhancement efforts to develop well-adapted apple cultivars with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions, as well as those cultivars with desirable targeted nutritional and palatable preferences for consumers and for commercial markets alike. This chapter will cover the prospects of ‘omics’ technologies that are currently having an impact as well as those with potential impacts on apple biology and genetic enhancement efforts for the near future.