Recent insight into strategies for the design of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)

With the increasing development of antibiotic resistance among key bacterial pathogens, there is an urgent need to discover novel classes of antibiotics. Although antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with their specific mode of action are considered major candidates for next-generation antibiotics, several challenges limit the use of these peptides for therapeutic applications. In a large body of research, the focus is given to different approaches to the chemical modification of AMPs and how these modifications may improve the stability, antibiotic activity, proteolytic activity and prevent the cytotoxicity and side effects of AMPs. On the other hand, another group of research investigates the delivery of AMPs via nanocarrier systems as strategies used to enhance stability, control the release of peptides and reduce adverse peptide-related side effects, as well as improve their anti-microbial activities. In the present article, we surveyed most recently published researches that provide us with good knowledge on structural features, mechanism of action, therapeutic aim, advantages and limitations, chemical modification approaches and carrying strategies of AMPs. Finally, according to Quality by Design, the most important potential effective factor and potential risk were mentioned in the development of AMP delivery systems.