Type 1 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk: A short review

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is substantially increased in patients with type 1 diabetes compared to the general population. Robust evidence from the randomized Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the long-term epidemiologic surveillance of its participants suggest that tight glycemic control by means of intensive insulin treatment is efficacious both in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. New antidiabetic agents with proven cardiorenal benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes, such as Glucagen-Like Polypeptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RA) and Sodium-Glucose co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT-2inh), have been tested as adjunctive to insulin treatment in a few clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes. Despite their favorable effect on risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, such as body weight and blood pressure, the lack of evidence for a direct effect on cardiovascular outcomes and an increased risk for serious adverse events, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, limit their use in patients with type 1 diabetes. New metrics of glycemia, alterations in diabetes classification and precision medicine may contribute in an individualized approach of cardiovascular risk prevention in patients with diabetes.