Use of coupled birefringence and LDV studies of flow through a planar contraction to test constitutive equations for concentrated polymer solutions

Laser Doppler velocimetry and flow‐induced birefringence are used to measure the rate of deformation and the principal components of the refractive index tensor in a 5% polyisobutylene (PIB) solution in tetradecane (C14) flowing along the centerplane of an abrupt 3.97:1 planar contraction. The stress optical law is used to interpret the birefringence data in terms of the normal stress difference, which is used to calculate a transient elongational viscosity defined along the centerplane. These measurements are compared directly to predictions of six multimode, differential constitutive models (Oldroyd‐B, White–Metzner, Acierno et al., Giesekus, Bird–DeAguiar, and Phan‐Thien–Tanner) that are fit to steady and small amplitude oscillatory shear flow data for the PIB/C14 solution. The fluid exhibits slight elongational thickening followed by apparent extensional thinning at higher elongation rates. We believe that this ‘‘thinning’’ behavior is due to the decreased residence time of the polymer molecules in the high‐strain‐rate region as the flow rate (and maximum elongation rate) is increased. The nonlinear constitutive equations, except for the White–Metzner model, are virtually indistinguishable in their description of the dynamical response of the fluid in this experiment; however, the Phan‐Thien–Tanner model gives the best quantitative fit to the data. These results point to the need for experiments in which the fluid flowing along the centerline is subjected to a greater total elongational strain.