Wintertime carbonaceous species and trace metals in PM10 in Darjeeling: A high altitude town in the eastern Himalayas

Carbonaceous components [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), primary organic carbon (POC), secondary organic carbon (SOC) and carbonaceous aerosols (CAs)] and major and trace elements (Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, Cl, P, S, K, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo and B) of PM10 were studied over the eastern Himalayan high altitude station [Darjeeling: 27.01°N and 88.15°E, 2200 m average mean sea level (amsl)] during winter 2018–19 (December 2018–February 2019). The carbonaceous aerosols/species (CAs) contributed to ~23% of PM10 mass concentration, whereas major and trace elements accounted for 10% of PM10. During the entire study period, the average concentrations of PM10, OC, EC, WSOC, POC, SOC and CAs were recorded as 48 ± 16 μg m−3, 5.39 ± 1.84 μg m−3, 2.60 ± 0.94 μg m−3, 3.87 ± 1.18 μg m−3, 3.40 ± 1.23 μg m−3, 1.99 ± 1.03 μg m−3 and 11.21 ± 3.78 μg m−3, respectively. Significant positive correlation between OC & EC and OC & WSOC have been observed which are indicating their common sources. WSOC/OC ratio was estimated to be 0.71 suggesting that the biomass burning is one of the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols at Darjeeling during winter. The significant positive correlation of PM10 with crustal elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg and Ti) as well as the correlation of Al with other crustal elements (Fe, Ca, Mg and Ti) indicates the abundance of mineral dust at the sampling site. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified the contribution of crustal/soil dust, biomass + coal burning, vehicular emissions and solid waste to the PM10 over the eastern Himalayan region of India.