Non-linear internationalization and the Uppsala model – On the importance of individuals

In this conceptual paper, we add to the discourse on the Uppsala model’s (in)ability to explain a firm’s internationalization through non-linear dynamics and discontinuities by highlighting individuals’ behaviors. We include (more) realistic assumptions about cognitive, emotional, and social triggers as well as biases that affect managers’ decision-making. Distinguishing between the process and outcome of resource commitment decisions, we conclude that, though discontinuous internationalization processes are rare, disruptive outcomes can occur through incremental commitment processes.