Protection of emergency hydraulic structures made of soft water-filled dams from mechanical damage by moving in water objects

Проанализированы различные способы и технологии защиты аварийных гидротехнических сооружений из мягких водоналивных дамб, используемых подразделениями МЧС России для борьбы с опасными гидрологическими явлениями. Сделан вывод о том, что все они либо не в полной мере обеспечивают защиту дамб, либо их применение подразумевает большие временные и экономические затраты при недостаточной эффективности. Описывается способ и технология защиты дамб с применением рукавов пожарных напорных, входящих в комплект дамбы для наполнения ее водой. Рукава при заполнении их воздухом обладают положительной (при необходимости переменной) плавучестью. Их нормативная длина, применяемые материалы, физико-механические свойства и конструктивные особенности позволяют использовать рукава в качестве защитного барьера, для предохранения дамб от механических повреждений. The use of soft water-filled dams as emergency water protection structures is quite effective for combating and eliminating the consequences of hazardous hydrological phenomena. They are widely used for these purposes by units of EMERCOM of Russia. The dams are made of various materials with a polymer film coating applied on a fabric base. The practical use of dams has shown that one of the problems arising in this case is to ensure their protection from mechanical damage caused by the dynamic pressure of solid objects moving throughout the water - boards, logs, fragments of wooden or plastic building structures. The methods and technologies of dam protection analyzed in the article are either insufficiently effective or require a lot of time, labor and financial expenses. In the process of developing a water-filled protective dam of a new design for the needs of EMERCOM of Russia there was proposed a method of its protection from physical and mechanical effects by using fire pressure hoses included in the dam kit as a protective barrier. When filling with air the hoses, hermetically connected by means of hose heads in a line, have positive (and, if necessary, variable) buoyancy, which is confirmed by the calculations performed. It is possible to fasten the hoses to the dam in various ways, by means of the structural elements of the dam or with use of the devices and accessories included in its kit. The standard length of one fire-fighting hose is 20 m, which is either equal or multiple of the length of one dam module. The design of the fire pressure hoses as well as materials used at their manufacture ensure a sufficiently tight fit of the hose to the body of the dam in spite of bends and deformations caused by water pressure. The power frame of the pressure fire hose of a dense weaving, made of high-strength threads, and an external polymer coating, have sufficient strength under external physical and mechanical influences. The use of fire hoses as protection of soft water-filled dams does not require additional financial costs. Fire pressure hoses can be used to protect other objects in the water during hazardous hydrological events in the area of possible movement of various solid objects.