A Guide to Visualizing Trajectories of Change With Confidence Bands and Raw Data

This tutorial is aimed at researchers working with repeated measures or longitudinal data who are interested in enhancing their visualizations of model-implied mean-level trajectories plotted over time with confidence bands and raw data. The intended audience is researchers who are already modeling their experimental, observational, or other repeated measures data over time using random-effects regression or latent curve modeling but who lack a comprehensive guide to visualize trajectories over time. This tutorial uses an example plotting trajectories from two groups, as seen in random-effects models that include Time × Group interactions and latent curve models that regress the latent time slope factor onto a grouping variable. This tutorial is also geared toward researchers who are satisfied with their current software environment for modeling repeated measures data but who want to make graphics using R software. Prior knowledge of R is not assumed, and readers can follow along using data and other supporting materials available via OSF at https://osf.io/78bk5/ . Readers should come away from this tutorial with the tools needed to begin visualizing mean trajectories over time from their own models and enhancing those plots with graphical estimates of uncertainty and raw data that adhere to transparent practices in research reporting.