A 220 ka palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Fuentillejo maar lake record (Central Spain) using biomarker analysis

The sedimentary record of the volcanic lake known as the Fuentillejo maar (central Spain) offers the opportunity to determine the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the central-southern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. A total of 439 samples from the upper 88 m of a ca. 142 m long core (spanning the last ca. 355 ka) were examined. The interval corresponds to the last 220 ka of the record. High n -alkane CPI values and the presence of sulfur revealed that little diagenetic signal attenuation or modification had occurred. A number of n- alkane-based indices (e.g. predominant n- alkane, ACL, Paq and TAR HC ratios, and the proportion of C 27 , C 29 and C 31 n- alkanes with respect to the summed C 27 + C 29 + C 31 ) alkanes, showed changing conditions in the organic matter input to the maar lake over time, with episodes involving a major input of terrestrial vegetation, alternating with others in which algae or a mixed input of terrestrial plants, aquatic macrophytes and algae occurred. The proportions of C 27 , C 29 and C 31 were useful for reconstructing the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin as they allowed assignment of several dry intervals during which grasses developed, while during humid phases trees expanded at the expense of grasses. In general, we found good correspondence between these episodes and the climatic cycles observed in δ 18 O records from ices cores in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as from marine cores. Thus, we conclude that global palaeoclimatological changes were recorded in the maar record. Likewise, Heinrich Events appeared to be reflected in the n- alkane indices. This was confirmed by single spectral analysis and cross spectral analysis with the insolation curve on 21 July at a latitude of 65°N. The approach revealed that the cycles interpreted in the Fuentillejo record (103, 41, 23 and 19 ka) showed evidence of orbital influence related to the astronomical cycles of the eccentricity variation in the Earth’s orbit, the Earth’s obliquity oscillation, and the precession variation (Milankovitch theory).