Relationships between environment and mountain riparian plant communities associated with two rare tertiary-relict tree species, Euptelea pleiospermum (Eupteleaceae) and Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae)

Euptelea pleiospermum and Cercidiphyllum japonicum are dominant relictual tree species of the riparian plant communities in the subtropical region of Shennongjia Mountains, central China. Community survey and multivariate analysis were carried out to characterize their ecological ranges and regeneration characteristics, and further to explore the factors determining their present distribution boundaries and the barriers restricting their range expansion. We recorded 303 woody species, among which there were 14 relictual, rare and/or endemic woody species. Results obtained from cluster analysis corroborated the results from non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination, classifying the 42 plots into three well-defined associations. Correlation analysis revealed that variation in species composition among associations was partly explained by some physical (altitude, slope, soil temperature) and chemical (available K, NH4, pH) properties. Multiple regression analyses with data of adults and seedlings with physical and chemical variables revealed contrasting patterns of the two dominant relictual species. Both taxa have a high resprouting rate that keeps the stands stable irrespective of scarcity of seedlings. However, expansion of the distribution range is difficult in such a situation. E. pleiospermum prefers riparian habitats with poor nutrients in the south-facing slope of the Shennongjia Mountains, which may indicate that this species is light-demanding at some life stages and well adapted to a nutrient-poor habitat where competition from other species is limited. The Cercidiphyllum japonicum population was more scattered and fragmented, and preferred riparian habitats on gentle slopes. Both species are favored by the mild and moist microclimate, but the current conditions in these subtropical mountain riparian habitats probably do not really provide optimal ecological conditions for the two relictual species.