Independent Predictors of Clinical Outcomes and Prediction Models on Bladder and Upper Urinary Tract Cancer

We endeavored to summarize the most relevant data in regards of oncologic patient outcome prediction in the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) topic. Nomograms have been used to standardize this outcome and more accurately predict future events. Bladder cancer still remains a very poor field compared to other areas such as prostate or kidney cancer. In order to facilitate understanding, we organized the chapter by tumor depth of invasion meaning, noninvasive versus invasive bladder cancer. We included a short paragraph about upper tract TCC nomograms. None of the presented nomograms is currently used on a daily basis for patient clinical care due to the lack of external validity in most environments.