Advances in lower extremity peripheral nerve surgery

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common source of pain and disability in patients. While many patients are affected by PNI, peripheral nerve surgery advancements in the lower extremity have lagged behind the upper extremity. Subsequently, principles that have demonstrated success in the upper extremity have been implemented in the lower extremity. Interventions with recent advances include the advent of novel nerve transfers in the lower extremity and using stem cells and electrical stimulation (ES) for nerve regeneration. This article focuses on advances in nerve transfers for lower extremity PNI and provides details on the basic science and clinical applications of newer interventions.