Preovulatory Maternal Effects on Intra- and Interpopulation Variation in Sex Ratios and Phenotypic Characteristics of Magdalena River Turtles (Podocnemis lewyana)

In oviparous species, preovulatory maternal effects such as investment in yolk quantity and composition or levels of yolk steroid hormones might potentially affect hatchling body sizes, growth rates, performance, and sex in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. We investigated the effects of egg mass and levels of testosterone and 17β-estradiol in the yolk on the phenotypes of hatchling Magdalena River Turtles (Podocnemis lewyana) in three populations in the Magdalena River drainage of northern Colombia. We hypothesized that, under homogeneous incubation conditions, the differences documented among clutches would be attributable to familial effects, caused by either heritable genetic factors or preovulatory maternal effects. Eggs were incubated artificially at the pivotal temperature for the species (33.4°C) and hatchlings were reared in the laboratory for 2 mo. Two eggs from each clutch were tested for testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels. Sex ratios, hatchling size, mass, and...