Tests and design of built-up section columns

Built-up sections are increasingly used as structural elements in the cold-formed steel (CFS) industry. They are composed of two or more component sections connected by discrete fasteners, typically spaced evenly along the length and potentially with fastener groups at the ends. Conventionally, two singly symmetric C-sections are connected to form a doubly symmetric cross-section, and current design guidelines are limited to this particular application. As a means towards broadening the application of built-up CFS sections, the cross-sections in this study were composed of three or four lipped channel sections. The paper presents an experimental investigation of the strength and behaviour of built-up section columns of various lengths and cross-sectional shapes. As observed in the tests, singly-symmetric columns composed of three channel sections (3C) experienced either local, distortional and/or flexural-torsional buckling failure modes, while doubly-symmetric columns formed by four sections (4C) failed in local, distortional and/or flexural buckling modes. The current AISI Specification specifies the use of a modified slenderness ratio only for built-up sections composed of two sections connected back-to-back, whereas the design proposal in this paper recommends the use of an effective rigidity approach coupled with the Direct Strength Method for predicting the strengths of the test 3C and 4C built-up sections. This proposal also suggests a design procedure for the built-up sections experiencing flexural-torsional buckling, which is neither explicitly stipulated in current design standards nor in previous studies.