신보호무역주의하에서의 비관세조치 현황과 영향에 관한 연구: UNCTAD 비관세조치 분류체계를 중심으로 (A Study on the Effects of Non-Tariff Measures)

Korean Abstract: 글로벌 금융위기 이후 세계 경제의 저성장 기조가 지속되는 가운데 보호무역주의 확산에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다. 특히 각국 정부는 WTO 등 국제기구를 통해 모니터링이 용이한 관세 대신 비관세조치를 일자리 창출이나 국내 산업 보호를 목적으로 하는 보호무역주의 정책의 수단으로 이용하는 경향이 나타나고 있다. 이에 본 보고서에서는 최근 나타나고 있는 신보호무역주의 동향을 살펴보고, UNCTAD 비관세조치 데이터베이스를 이용하여 주요국의 비관세조치 현황 및 비관세조치가 무역에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. English Abstract: This study revisits and investigates the effects of non-tariff measures on trade flows from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint. First, the theoretical framework provided in the paper shows that the changes of trade patterns with regard to introduction of non-tariff measures by the importing country depend on the relative changes of compliance costs between importing and exporting countries. In particular, it is suggested that the introduction of high standards in developed countries may impose higher compliance costs on producers in developing countries than those in developed countries. In such a case, imports of developed countries from developing countries will decrease. The corresponding empirical analysis investigates the effects of non-tariff measures, primarily SPS and TBT, on imports in eight industries – agriculture/fisheries, mining, textile/garments/other, chemical, metal/non-metallic minerals, transport equipment, electronics and machinery, using the UNCTAD non-tariff measures database. The results are as follows. The effect of SPS measures on imports is significantly restrictive in the agriculture/fisheries and textile/garment/other industries. TBT measures are also trade-restrictive in most industries except for electronics. Further analysis to explain why the electronics industry poses such an exception shows that while TBT measures in electronics play a restrictive role in imports of developed countries from developing countries, they perform a promoting role the other way around. Such results are in line with theoretical predictions and imply with caveat that not all non-tariff measures in certain industries serve as barriers.