Methods to Study Plant Programmed Cell Death

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a critical component of plant development, defense against invading pathogens, and response to environmental stresses. In this chapter, we provide detailed technical methods for studying PCD associated with plant development or induced by abiotic stress. A root hair assay or electrolyte leakage assay are excellent techniques for the quantitative determination of PCD and/or cellular injury induced in response to abiotic stress, whereas the lace plant provides a unique model that facilitates the study of genetically regulated PCD during leaf development.