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11.2 A 10.8ps-time-resolution 256×512 image sensor with 2-Tap true-CDS lock-in pixels for fluorescence lifetime imaging
- Source :
- ISSCC
- Publication Year :
- 2015
- Publisher :
- IEEE, 2015.
-
Abstract
- Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), which is a nondestructive and minimally invasive manner and can therefore be applied to living cells and tissues, is a great analysis tool in fundamental physics as well as in the life sciences. Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) [1] and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) [2,3] are used for time-resolved lifetime measurement. In particular, SPAD-based time-resolved imagers have a high single-photon sensitivity and good noise robustness. However, they consist of a SPAD array with pixel circuitry, time-to-digital converters (TDCs), digital integrators to amplify signals, and readout circuitry. To implement the high photon-counting rate, a large number of TDCs and digital integrators are required. The spatial resolution of the SPAD-based time-resolved imagers is limited on this account. A recently reported time-resolved CMOS imager [4] using a draining-only modulation (DOM) technique has an attractive feature that a very simple pixel structure and 2-stage charge transfer without transfer gate (TG) can be simultaneously attained. However, it has a small aperture area, a comparatively low transfer speed, and multiple outputs are a challenge.
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- 2015 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC) Digest of Technical Papers
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........a5fefa028dbc8a8fb7157ad149e71dda