Quantifying 3D structure and occlusion in dense tropical and temperate forests using close-range LiDAR

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as a reference for three-dimensional measurements of forest structure as well as forest reconstruction and modeling. Ground-based measurements can be complemented by new light-weight sensors on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or laser scans from canopy cranes or towers. However, it is still largely unknown how much of the forest canopy volume can be sampled and how occlusion is spatially distributed. We present an approach for highly detailed 3D structure measurements based on TLS on the ground and above canopy measurements from a canopy crane or UAV platform, and assess their spatial sampling in terms of occlusion. Comparing the application in a dense tropical and temperate forest, we demonstrate the ability to sample the complete canopy volume with