Surface shear stress and membrane fouling when considering natural water matrices

The effect of surface shear stress on membrane fouling during submerged hollow fiber ultrafiltration of three different surface waters (two lakes, one river) was investigated. Surface shear stresses that mimicked those induced when applying continuous and intermittent coarse bubble air sparging, large pulse bubble air sparging, as well as no air sparging were considered. The results suggest that fouling was mainly due to the accumulation of the biopolymer fraction of the natural organic matter present in the raw water. Inducing shear stresses onto the membrane surface significantly decreased the rate of membrane fouling (relative to no shear stress applied) in all waters tested. Of the shear stress conditions studied, that which mimicked large pulse bubble sparging had the greatest effect, reducing fouling by up to 80% when compared to conditions with no sparging applied. Conditions that mimicked intermittent and continuous coarse bubble fouling reduced the rate of fouling by up to 77 and 49%, respectively. These results suggest that the shear stresses induced by sparging can promote back transport of soluble organic material from the membrane surface. A semi-empirical relationship was developed to estimate the effect of raw water characteristics and applied sparging conditions on membrane fouling.