Improved outcome for Chinese children with acute promyelocytic leukemia: A comparison of two protocols

Objective Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is now highly curable, except in many developing countries. Introduction of current treatment strategies may improve the outcome for children with APL in these countries. Methods The diagnosis was based on the FAB classification and detection of PML-RARα rearrangement. From December 1999 to September 2004, 16 eligible children were treated with an intensive in-house protocol including high-dose AraC and anthracycline. Subsequently, 14 cases were treated with a less intensive protocol modified from the PETHEMA LPA99. Results The 3.5 years event-free survival (EFS) was 37.5% (95% CI, 13.8–61.2%) for patients treated on initial protocol. The treatment failures were: six patients abandoned treatment (37.5%), two who died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (6.3%) and sepsis in remission (6.3%) respectively, and two who relapsed (12.5%). Those treated on modified PETHEMA had a 3.5 years EFS of 79.6% (95% CI, 52.9–106.3%). Treatment failures included: one who died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (7.1%) and one who relapsed (7.1%). The patients on modified PETHEMA had a significantly higher EFS (P = 0.012), lower frequency of sepsis during treatment (7.7% vs. 77.8%; P = 0.0015), and lower hospitalization cost (median US$ 4,700 vs. US$ 20,000; P