Thermogravimetric investigation of oxygen deficiency in SnO 2 reduced at 500 °C or below

The oxygen deficiency of SnO 2 was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The powder samples were reduced in 0.5% H 2 /N 2 at 200–500 °C and, their weight changes were evaluated by TGA under flowing O 2 . The results showed that the response of SnO 2 against H 2 /N 2 differed from that against H 2 /air, which is the gas mixture typically used to evaluate SnO 2 -based gas sensors. The subsequently obtained TGA traces of the powders reduced under H 2 /N 2 showed two stepwise weight gains. The first weight gain began near room temperature and ended at approximately 200 °C. The second weight gain was observed between 400 and 600 °C, which became prominent when the sample was reduced at 400 °C or above. The existence of two types of oxygen sites was deduced from the temperature dependence of the weight changes in the TGA traces and they were related to the positions of oxygen sites in the surface and bulk regions. SnO 2 was tolerant to the oxygen deficiency, and the extent of deficiency was dependent on the crystallinity and the grain size. For example, the composition of SnO 2 precipitated in SnF 2 aqueous solution through a hydrolysis reaction was estimated to be SnO 1.94 after the reduction at 400 °C in 0.5% H 2 /N 2 . Small grains with lower crystallinity tended to accept greater oxygen deficiency under a certain condition.