Characteristic ion clusters as determinants for the identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing natural products using HPLC-MS analysis

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)–containing plants are widely distributed in the world. PAs are hepatotoxic, affecting livestock and humans. PA N-oxides are often present together with PAs in plants and also exhibit hepatotoxicity but with less potency. HPLC–MS is generally used to analyze PA-containing herbs, although PA references are unavailable in most cases. However, to date, without reference standards, HPLC–MS methodology cannot distinguish PA N-oxides from PAs because they both produce the same characteristic ions in mass spectra. In the present study, the mass spectra of 10 PA N-oxides and the corresponding PAs were systemically investigated using HPLC–MS to define the characteristic mass fragment ions specific to PAs and PA N-oxides. Mass spectra of toxic retronecine-type PA N-oxides exhibited two characteristic ion clusters at m/z 118–120 and 136–138. These ion clusters were produced by three unique fragmentation pathways of PA N-oxides and were not found in their corresponding PAs. Similarly, the nontoxic platynecine-type PA N-oxides also fragmented via three similar pathways to form two characteristic ion clusters at m/z 120–122 and 138–140. Further application of using these characteristic ion clusters allowed successful and rapid identification of PAs and PA N-oxides in two PA-containing herbal plants. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that these characteristic ion clusters are unique determinants to discriminate PA N-oxides from PAs even without the availability of reference samples. Our findings provide a novel and specific method to differentiate PA N-oxides from PAs in PA-containing natural products, which is crucial for the assessment of their intoxication. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.