Basics of Hazard, Risk Ranking, and Safety Systems

There is no plant in the world which is free from any risk, but lessons learned from a disaster was realized only after the Bhopal incident, and there are a number of standards are now in effect. In order to mitigate risks, it is necessary to develop risk analysis through a risk matrix, risk ranking, and consequence calculation, which have been discussed for avoidance catastrophic consequences. For better understanding, basics of mathematics have been covered. Plant ageing, and fault tolerance issues are also important topics to be covered. Functional safety through instrumentation is a call of the day for meeting challenges for risk control. How to handle basic and control and safety in safety instrumented systems (SISs) have been covered so that required safety integrity level (SIL), demanded by various standards, have been discussed at a basic level to develop further hazard analysis and SIS.