Quantifying and correcting for clay content effects on soil water measurement by reflectometers

The presence of clay particles increases the specific surface area of a soil and can affect the calibration of electromagnetic soil water sensors including reflectometers. To quantify and correct for this effect in two relatively new reflectometers, three TDR315 and three CS655 sensors were installed in each of five soils with clay content ranging from 5 to 49%. As the soils were dried in a temperature controlled room, sensor reported soil volumetric water content (θv) according to the factory calibration was compared against reference θv determined by weighing the soils. Sensor reported θv was similar to reference θv in the sand soil (root mean square difference (RMSD) 0.93) for both sensors. By estimating calibration coefficients based on clay content alone to recalculate sensor θv from sensor reported apparent relative permittivity, RMSD from reference θv was reduced by approximately 36% for both sensors as compared with using the factory calibration. Applying the same procedure to independent literature data tended to improve θv accuracy of both sensors increasingly as clay content increased above 20%. The findings suggest that a simple, user-friendly correction for clay content effects may provide initial practical improvement over the factory calibration of a reflectometer in clayey soils.