Structural and functional regulation of eukaryotic 2-Cys peroxiredoxins including the plant ones in cellular defense-signaling mechanisms against oxidative stress

The ubiquitously distributed peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been shown to have diverse functions in cellular defense-signaling pathways. They have been largely classified into three Prx classes, 2-Cys Prx, atypical 2-Cys Prx and 1-Cys Prx, which can be distinguished by how many Cys residues they possess and by their catalytic mechanisms. Proteins belonging to the typical 2-Cys Prx group containing the N-terminal peroxidatic Cys residue undergo a cycle of peroxide-dependent oxidation to sulfenic acid and thiol-dependent reduction during H2O2 catalysis. However, in the presence of high concentrations of H2O2 and catalytic components, including thioredoxin (Trx), Trx reductase and NADPH, the sulfenic acid can be hyperoxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid. The overoxidized 2-Cys Prxs are slowly reduced by the action of the adenosine 5′-triphosphate-dependent enzyme, sulfiredoxin. Upon exposure of cells to strong oxidative or heat-shock stress conditions, 2-Cys Prxs change their protein structures from low-molecular weight to high-molecular weight complexes, which trigger their functional switching from peroxidases to molecular chaperones. The C-terminal region of 2-Cys Prx also plays an essential role in this structural conversion. Thus, proteins with truncated C-termini are resistant to overoxidation and cannot regulate their structures or functions. These reactions are primarily guided by the active site peroxidatic Cys residue, which serves as an ‘H2O2-sensor’ in cells. The reversible structural and functional switching of 2-Cys Prxs provides cells with a means to adapt to external stresses by presumably activating intracellular defense-signaling systems. In particular, plant 2-Cys Prxs localized in chloroplasts have dynamic protein structures that undergo major conformational changes during catalysis, forming super-complexes and reversibly attaching to thylakoid membranes in a redox-dependent manner.