Kurt Hirschfeld and the Visionary Internationalism of the Schauspielhaus Zürich

Outside Switzerland, the Schauspielhaus Zürich (Zürich Playhouse) is best known among theatre historians for the role it played in supporting and advancing the career of German playwright Bertolt Brecht during and just after World War II. We learn, from our studies of Brecht, that while he was living in exile in Finland and the United States his plays Mother Courage and Her Children, The Good Person of Szechwan, and Galileo all received their first productions in Zürich, and that when he returned to Europe from exile the city was also his initial destination. Brecht was not the only exiled playwright to find a producing home at the Schauspielhaus; the theatre has additionally long been recognized, particularly among German and Swiss theatre historians, for the important role it played in producing the work of many other exiled German and Austrian playwrights during World War II. Some American theatre historians have also made note of the quality of the work produced at the Schauspielhaus: for example, Oscar Brockett mentions the Zürich theatre in passing as “one of the best in Europe during the Nazi regime because so many refugees settled in Switzerland.” But what remains underrecognized among historians outside Switzerland is the pivotal role that both the Schauspielhaus and its dramaturg (and later artistic director) Kurt Hirschfeld played in keeping an international repertoire on life support in Europe when most of the Continent was under Nazi occupation (Fig. 1). A look at the list of wartime and postwar productions at the Schauspielhaus reveals a veritable who's who of the modern Western dramatic canon: productions of works by playwrights like Karel Čapek, Thornton Wilder, Jean Giraudoux, Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Claudel, Federico García Lorca, T. S. Eliot, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Luigi Pirandello, and many, many—in fact, many dozens—of others.