Intraoperative Right Ventricular Failure Management

Left ventricular assist devices are currently implanted using three different techniques [1]: Median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Left posterolateral thoracotomy with the outflow graft connected to the descending aorta with or without CPB. This approach is more frequently used in case of reoperations to avoid re-sternotomy. Minimally invasive left mini-thoracotomy (with or without CPB).