Lightweight Alternatives for Embankments on Soft Ground: A Focus on Railway Systems

Lightweight material for civil engineering application is primarily used for accelerated roadway and bridge approach construction, settlement mitigation, utility and tunnel abandonment, reduction of static and seismic earth pressures against retained or buried structures (e.g., pipelines, culverts, and tunnels), protection of underground utilities, slope stabilization, and landscaping. Such construction for transportation projects is routine with standardized design and construction methods available in Japan, Norway, the E.U., and the U.S.