The Quantization of the Electric Charge in Gauge Theories

We study the quantization of the electric charges of the gauge bosons, the Higgs bosons and the fermions in gauge theories. We investigate the intimate relation of the quantization of the electric charge with the spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomaly cancellation and Majorana mass of fermions. We discuss specific examples for the standard model and the SU(5) × U(1)Z model. We find that in these models the electric charges of particles are dynamically quantized.